Mafi yawan hasken rana da ke rufe rufin duniya, filaye, da hamada a yau suna raba sinadarai iri ɗaya: silicon crystalline.Kayan, wanda aka yi daga danyen polysilicon, an siffata su zuwa wafers kuma an haɗa su zuwa ƙwayoyin rana, na'urorin da ke canza hasken rana zuwa wutar lantarki.Kwanan nan, dogaro da masana'antu kan wannan fasaha na zamani ya zama wani abin alhaki.Matsalolin sarkar samarwasuna raguwasabbin na'urori masu amfani da hasken rana a duniya.Manyan masu samar da siliki a yankin Xinjiang na kasar Sin -da ake zargi da amfani da aikin tilastawa daga Uygur- suna fuskantar takunkumin kasuwanci na Amurka.
Abin farin ciki, silicon crystalline ba shine kawai kayan da zai iya taimakawa wajen amfani da makamashin rana ba.A Amurka, masana kimiyya da masana'antun suna aiki don faɗaɗa samar da fasahar hasken rana ta cadmium telluride.Cadmium telluride wani nau'i ne na tantanin halitta na "karin bakin ciki" na hasken rana, kuma, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, ya fi sirara ta al'ada.A yau, panels suna amfani da cadmium telluridesamar da kusan kashi 40 cikin darina kasuwar sikelin masu amfani a Amurka, da kusan kashi 5 na kasuwar hasken rana ta duniya.Kuma sun tsaya don cin gajiyar iskar da ke fuskantar manyan masana'antar hasken rana.
"Lokaci ne mai matukar wahala, musamman ga sarkar samar da siliki a gaba daya," in ji Kelsey Goss, manazarcin binciken hasken rana na kungiyar masu ba da shawara kan makamashi Wood Mackenzie."Akwai babban yuwuwar masana'antun cadmium telluride don ɗaukar ƙarin kaso na kasuwa a cikin shekara mai zuwa."Musamman, ta lura, tunda sashin cadmium telluride ya riga ya haɓaka.
A watan Yuni, kamfanin kera hasken rana First Solar ya ce zai yizuba jari dala miliyan 680a cikin masana'antar hasken rana ta cadmium telluride na uku a arewa maso yammacin Ohio.Lokacin da aka gama ginin, a shekarar 2025, kamfanin zai iya kera na'urorin hasken rana mai karfin gigawatts 6 a yankin.Wannan ya isa yin wutar lantarki kusan gidajen Amurka miliyan 1.Wani kamfanin hasken rana da ke Ohio, Toledo Solar, ya shiga kasuwa kwanan nan kuma yana yin fakitin cadmium telluride don rufin gidaje.Kuma a cikin watan Yuni, Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka da Laboratory Energy Renewable Energy, ko NREL,kaddamar da shirin dala miliyan 20don haɓaka bincike da haɓaka sarkar samarwa don cadmium telluride.Daya daga cikin makasudin shirin shi ne taimakawa wajen killace kasuwar hasken rana ta Amurka daga matsalolin samar da kayayyaki a duniya.
Masu bincike a NREL da First Solar, wanda ake kira Solar Cell Inc., sun yi aiki tare tun farkon 1990s don haɓakawa.cadmium telluride fasaha.Cadmium da telluride samfurori ne na narkewar ma'adinan zinc da tace tagulla, bi da bi.Ganin cewa ana haɗa wafers ɗin siliki tare don yin sel, ana amfani da cadmium da telluride azaman sirara - kusan kashi ɗaya cikin goma na diamita na gashin ɗan adam - zuwa gilashin gilashi, tare da sauran kayan aikin wutar lantarki.Farkon Solar, wanda a yanzu shine mafi girman masana'antar fina-finai na sirara a duniya, ya samar da fanfuna don na'urar sanya hasken rana a kasashe 45.
Fasahar tana da wasu fa'idodi sama da silicon crystalline, in ji masanin kimiyyar NREL Lorelle Mansfield.Misali, tsarin fim na bakin ciki yana buƙatar ƙarancin kayan aiki fiye da tsarin tushen wafer.Fasahar fina-finai masu sirara kuma sun dace da amfani da su a cikin sassa masu sassauƙa, kamar waɗanda ke rufe jakunkuna ko jirage marasa matuƙa ko kuma an haɗa su cikin ginin facade da tagogi.Mahimmanci, ɓangarorin fina-finai na bakin ciki suna yin aiki mafi kyau a cikin yanayin zafi, yayin da sassan silicon na iya yin zafi kuma su zama marasa ƙarfi wajen samar da wutar lantarki, in ji ta.
Amma silicon crystalline yana da babban hannun a wasu wurare, kamar matsakaicin ingancinsu - ma'ana adadin hasken rana da fafutoci ke sha kuma su canza zuwa wutar lantarki.A tarihi, bangarorin silicon sun sami mafi girman inganci fiye da fasahar cadmium telluride, kodayake tazarar tana raguwa.18 zuwa 22 bisa dari, yayin da First Solar ya ba da rahoton matsakaicin inganci na kashi 18 cikin ɗari don sabbin bangarorin kasuwancin sa.
Har yanzu, babban dalilin silicon ya mamaye kasuwannin duniya yana da sauƙi.Goss ya ce "Dukkan ya zo ga farashi.""Kasuwar hasken rana tana son yin amfani da fasaha mafi arha."
Silicon Crystalline yana kashe kusan $ 0.24 zuwa $ 0.25 don samar da kowace watt na hasken rana, wanda bai wuce sauran masu fafutuka ba, in ji ta.First Solar ta ce ba ta sake ba da rahoton farashin-per-watt don samar da fasfo ɗin cadmium telluride ba, kawai farashin ya “ragu sosai” tun daga 2015 - lokacin da kamfanin.Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na 0.46 $ a kowace watt- kuma ci gaba da faduwa kowace shekara.Akwai 'yan dalilai don arha dangin siliki.Polysilicon danyen abu, wanda kuma ake amfani da shi a cikin kwamfutoci da wayoyi, ya fi samuwa kuma ba shi da tsada fiye da samar da cadmium da telluride.Kamar yadda masana'antu na bangarorin silicon da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa suka haɓaka, gabaɗayan farashin kera da shigar da fasahar sun ragu.Gwamnatin kasar Sin ma tana da yawatallafi da tallafisashen silicon na kasar - don hakakimanin kashi 80 cikin darina tsarin samar da hasken rana a duniya a yanzu ya bi ta kasar Sin.
Faɗuwar farashin panel ya haifar da haɓakar hasken rana a duniya.A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, jimillar karfin hasken rana da aka girka a duniya ya karu kusan sau goma, daga kimanin megawatts 74,000 a shekarar 2011 zuwa kusan megawatt 714,000 a shekarar 2020.bisa lafazinHukumar Sabunta Makamashi ta Duniya.Amurka ce ke da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa bakwai na jimillar duniya, kuma hasken rana ya zama yanzudaya daga cikin manyan kafofinna sabon ƙarfin wutar lantarki da ake girka a Amurka kowace shekara.
Kudin kowace watt na cadmium telluride da sauran fasahar fim na bakin ciki ana tsammanin za su ragu yayin da masana'anta ke fadada.(Farkon Solar yacecewa lokacin da sabon kayan aikinta na Ohio ya buɗe, kamfanin zai ba da mafi ƙarancin farashin kowace watt akan duk kasuwar hasken rana.) Amma farashi ba shine kawai ma'auni da ke da mahimmanci ba, kamar yadda al'amuran sarkar samar da kayayyaki na masana'antu a halin yanzu da damuwa na aiki suka bayyana.
Mark Widmar, Shugaba na First Solar, ya ce shirin fadada dala miliyan 680 da kamfanin ya yi wani bangare ne na wani babban kokari na gina hanyar samar da wadataccen abinci mai dogaro da kai da kuma “raba” masana’antar hasken rana ta Amurka daga kasar Sin.Ko da yake cadmium telluride panels ba sa amfani da wani polysilicon, First Solar ta ji wasu ƙalubalen da ke fuskantar masana'antar, kamar koma bayan da cutar ta haifar a masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki ta ruwa.A watan Afrilu, First Solar ya gaya wa masu saka hannun jari cewa cunkoso a tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Amurka yana ɗaukar jigilar jigilar kayayyaki daga wuraren sa a Asiya.Kara yawan kayayyakin da Amurka ke samarwa zai baiwa kamfanin damar yin amfani da tituna da layin dogo wajen jigilar kayayyakin sa, ba jiragen dakon kaya ba, in ji Widmar.Kuma shirin da kamfanin ke yi na sake amfani da hasken rana ya ba shi damar sake amfani da kayan sau da yawa, wanda hakan ke kara rage dogaro da sarkar samar da kayayyaki daga kasashen waje.
Kamar yadda Farkon Solar ke fitar da bangarori, masana kimiyya a duka kamfanin da NREL suna ci gaba da gwadawa da haɓaka fasahar faɗar cadmium.A cikin 2019, abokan hulɗaɓullo da wani sabon hanyawanda ya haɗa da "doping" kayan fim na bakin ciki tare da jan karfe da chlorine don cimma sakamako mafi girma.A farkon wannan watan, NRELya sanar da sakamakonna gwajin filin shekaru 25 a wurin sa na waje a Golden, Colorado.Tsari 12-panel na cadmium telluride panels yana aiki a kashi 88 cikin 100 na ingantaccen aikinsa, sakamako mai ƙarfi ga kwamitin da ya zauna a waje sama da shekaru ashirin.Lalacewar "ya yi daidai da abin da tsarin silicon ke yi," bisa ga sakin NREL.
Mansfield, masanin kimiyyar NREL, ya ce makasudin ba shine maye gurbin siliki na crystalline da cadmium telluride ba ko kuma kafa wata fasaha ta fi sauran."Ina tsammanin akwai wuri ga dukansu a kasuwa, kuma kowannensu yana da aikace-aikacensa," in ji ta."Muna son dukkan makamashi ya tafi zuwa hanyoyin da za a iya sabuntawa, don haka muna buƙatar dukkanin waɗannan nau'ikan fasaha daban-daban don fuskantar wannan ƙalubale."
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba-17-2021